|
I CONCLUSION
The objective of this document is to present the current
challenges which governments and other stakeholders, in developed, developing
and transition countries, face in order to establish lifecycle economies (also referred to as circular economies,
closed loop economies), as cross-cutting strategy to achieve more sustainable
consumption and production patterns. Life cycle thinking allows to take all
relevant environmental and social impacts into account in an integrated
fashion, with due recognition of transboundary
impacts and responsibilities over the whole life cycle of material flows,
products and services. Most visible sign of the present lack of life cycle
economy, in particular in developing countries and countries with economies
in transition, is the growing volume of (household) waste and the increasing
health effects this causes for the day-to-day life of poor people. The
approach in his note therefore focuses on the global - and local - challenges
to develop, promote and implement integrated
waste management policies.
The note informs about UNEP's
current strategy to prepare concrete projects to demonstrate the added value
of generic tools. These are highly needed to protect the environment,
safeguard human health and conserve critical natural resources through the
implementation of environmentally sound waste management that promotes the 4 R's: reduction, re-use, recycle, and
repair. A waste prevention strategy - based on the 4 R's - will have its
positive effect on the structure of current unsustainable consumption and
production patterns. It should however not be ignored that the present and
still growing waste problem - daily increasing open dumps causing serious
dangers for health and environment - should be addressed on the short term,
which urgently calls for an increasing
sense of urgency at all political levels and new partnerships to develop
and implement proper disposal policies
and facilities.
UNEP is implementing this strategy in partnership with
other intergovernmental, governmental, private sector and civil society organisations active in the area of environmentally sound
waste management. Foremost among these
are the relevant multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs),
including the Basel, Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions and
Montreal Protocol. Of particular relevance are the WSSD Plan of
Implementation and the Strategic Plan for Implementation of the Basel
Convention until 2010.
II. BACKGROUND
I. Introduction
1. The problems caused by the most visible sign of a lack of life cycle
economy - the unsound management and disposal of waste - are well-known:
pollution of air, water and soil, serious health risks for people caused by
environmentally unsound management and disposal practices, and increasing
investments needed for solving immediate problems. According to UNEP's Global Environmental Outlook[1]
between one-third and one-half of solid waste generated within most cities in
developing countries is not collected. Across Africa, only 30 percent of solid waste
in urban areas is collected. In Asia, only a few cities have adequate waste disposal
sites. The situation in Latin America and the Caribbean is not much better, with also
increasing amounts of non-biodegradable components, such as plastic and aluminium. In the Arab countries of West Asia, apart from increasing household
waste, new industries produce large amounts of hazardous waste. In addition,
at a global scale, over 70% of household wastewater is being discharged to
open water without any treatment. If
treatment plants are operational, only 10-20% of them function
adequately. Meanwhile, solid waste in
the form of marine litter threaten the world’s oceans – it has been estimated
that over 13,000 pieces of plastic litter are floating on every square kilometre of ocean surface, posing a dire risk to coastal
environments and communities as well as the marine environment. In addition to damaging the environment,
waste is increasingly becoming a major obstacle for economic and social
development, in particular in developing countries. On the other hand waste
could potentially be a source of income generation. There are currently
missed opportunities for turning waste into valuable resources.
2. The main reasons for this alarming situation are also well known, notably
the lack of financial resources, insufficient infrastructure, inadequate
technologies and management systems, and lack of public and political
awareness. There is at present insufficient global leadership to deal with
the problems at stake.
3. Waste is addressed at various levels of policy
co-ordination and decision-making. At the international and regional levels
the work of the UN has resulted in MEAs with waste
management elements (in particular the chemicals and hazardous waste cluster, and the atmosphere cluster) and related regional agreements.[2]
Additionally, in some cases new waste streams and waste management challenges
may be created as the result of the proper implementation of an MEA, which will require action[3].
Furthermore, the Global Programme of Action for the
Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA)
developed a strategic Action Plan on Municipal Wastewater. At the national level a multitude of
initiatives of national governments has resulted in policy frameworks and
action plans. At the local level municipalities have been putting hardware (e.g. infrastructure for
collection, transport, disposal) and software (e.g. awareness raising
campaigns, and training and management systems) in place.
4. Action at the local level is key.
Neither MEAs, nor national action plans can be
effectively implemented without the active and solid support of local
authorities and other local stakeholders. For example, UNEP, jointly with
partners, developed 10 KEYS for local and national action on municipal
wastewater. Yet, the problems and
concerns facing these local actors are not always among the most high-ranking
priorities of the parties at national and international levels, financial and
human resources are lacking, and are not always properly addressed.
5. The public sector, in particular in developing countries, is
generally speaking not sufficiently financed or equipped to make sure that
the proper infrastructure is being put in place (in many developing countries
even basic infrastructure such as roads in urban areas is lacking). Adequate
policies are not being developed, implemented, and enforced, and efficient
and effective waste management systems are not organized.
6. Partly as a result of this, the private sector perceives this market
as not sufficiently profitable, both in terms of low returns on initial
investment, low profits during the operational phases, or simply the lack of
basic infrastructure like roads needed to make municipal waste management
practical and profitable. The informal private sector, often in the shape of
local communities facing the problems associated with waste,
often have to make the best out of it, turning the waste problem into income-generating
opportunities, but not without suffering health risks and unacceptable labor
conditions.
II. Key challenges and responses
7. To achieve the overall objectives
of better protecting human health and the environment from municipal and
industrial waste in developing countries, and creating income generation
opportunities through better waste management, the following challenges need
to be addressed:
 Political: sense of urgency and
awareness at all levels for the urgency of better waste management, from
local to global;
Legal:
Lack of adequate laws and regulations implementing multilateral
waste-related agreements and provisions at the national level as well as
sound national laws on waste management generally;
Technical: proper waste management
technologies and waste reduction strategies exist, but they do not always
respond to local needs and characteristics;
Infrastructure: adequate infrastructure
(basic infrastructure such as roads, and waste management infrastructure for
collection, disposal and treatment) needs to be put in place;
Management: how to operate and maintain
waste management infrastructure, how to monitor and report progress made;
Social: imported high-tech waste
solutions can be at expense of local employment, equity issues, poor labor
conditions in informal collection/recycling systems);
Economic: how to generate financial
resources (e.g. through taxes, fees, subsidies) for investments in
infrastructure and for operational phases of waste management;
Organizational: who organizes the work,
who takes the lead in bringing the various stakeholders of integrated waste
management projects together.
8. A coherent integrated waste management strategy engages individuals.
Individual consumers, individual managers and workers of companies, and
individual government officials need to take action. This requires that they
need to be informed, encouraged and enabled to carry out the activities, with
instruments that connect to the individual needs of these various groups.
This calls for good data and information, effective incentives (legislative,
financial) and good infrastructure. Mobilizing adequate financial resources
to ensure the implementation of tangible collection and waste management
infrastructure, to be implemented and managed in new partnerships between the
public and private sector, is the main challenge ahead.
9. Mobilizing financial resources to invest in waste management infrastructure,
and finding innovative means of covering the recurring costs of waste collection and management are critical
elements in this effort. New forms of public-private partnership will be part
of the answer, as will innovative financing schemes (e.g. concessional
loans, revolving funds). Multilateral development banks may provide grants or
loans to leverage additional financing from private banks or waste management
companies. With regard to recurring
costs of waste collection and management, governments will also have to
provide a basic regulatory framework that creates disincentives, including
financial ones, for those who do not dispose of waste in an environmentally
sound manner. This effectively reduces
but does not entirely eliminate those recurring costs. Consultation with the private sector during
the design of these regulatory frameworks can ensure that they create the right
combination of economic and legal signals to attract investment, and create
profitable waste management opportunities.
III. Different challenges for
different types of waste
10.
Waste types are many and can be classified according to various criteria. Broadly speaking, these include[4]:
Household waste from households and
businesses, such as retail trade, including municipal solid and liquid wastes
and e-wastes that are typically handled by municipal waste management
systems.
Industrial waste resulting from manufacturing
and servicing operations.
Agricultural waste, which includes both
chemical wastes (pesticides, fertilisers) and solid
wastes (plastics, used equipment).
Demolition waste from destruction,
construction or renovation of built structures.
Mining/excavation wastes.
Munitions such as chemical weapons and ordanance associated with military activities.
Nuclear waste related to energy production,
military applications, laboratory and medical uses.
Medical waste from hospitals, doctors offices and clinics.
11. Waste management strategies for household and industrial waste have to be different by virtue of the nature of
the waste, its point of generation and dumping or disposal. Householdwaste is less toxic, more
homogenous, bulkier and of lower value for recycling or re-use compared to
many industrial wastes. Household
waste is also generated at a lower rate, in broadly dispersed sites entailing
higher collection and transport costs. The economic, technical and organisational challenges of dealing with these waste
streams are therefore very different, as are the political and social factors
that determine the feasibility of solutions.
This strategy must therefore have differentiated approaches for
household and industrial waste.
12. For household waste in principle the objective is reduction of the consequences of
overall increasing quantities of waste. Apart from integrating waste
prevention in cleaner production (design for environment) and other business
(including retail) and consumer's programmes
(including producer responsibility schemes and consumer information tools
such as the German "green dot"), adequate collection, re-cycling
and re-using systems need to be promoted, facilitated and implemented. Under
certain conditions, there is also the potential to create employment and
markets from recovered household waste streams. Product design as well as
promotion of repair facilities can achieve product life extension.
13. Moreover, addressing short-term
risks for health and environment of conventional open dumps requires the
construction of well-managed landfills. The current risks they are posing
need to be reduced by closing the most dangerous
dumps ("hotspots"), while at the same time establishing new
landfills. This has to be planned and implemented in close co-operation with
local communities in order to safeguard and stimulate local employment and
dignity. Turning waste into valuable resources (promoting re-use, recycling,
and energy production through landfill gas, a mixture of methane and CO2)
will stimulate economic growth and create safe and decent jobs for local
communities. Such actions would need to achieve these goals while at the same
time protecting the local and global environment, notably the goals of the
Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change.
14. The concentration and
intrinsically higher value of many industrial
waste streams implies that re-use and recycling can generate substantial
economic returns. The potential for
developing circular economies
based on industrial waste streams is higher given these incentives, and also
because private investment can be more readily attracted to such innovation,
which can increase resource efficiency, reduce costs and enhance
competitiveness. Cleaner production and "design for environment"
are key strategies here as well. Creating circular economies that impact on
human health in poor neighbourhoods and/or their
natural resources, and which are generated by small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) and the informal sector, is a particularly attractive option. This approach
will simultaneously reduce the environmental and health hazards faced by poor
communities, while creating employment and income generation opportunities.
This will also contribute to the implementation of certain MEAs (including those related to persistent organic
pollutants, certain banned and severely restricted chemicals, and ozone
depleting substances) which promote the environmentally sound management of waste through an integrated life-cycle approach.[5]
15. Any strategy on industrial waste
should address industrial hot spots
where waste generation is creating acute or rapidly growing environmental
hazards. These may be linked to a
single industry sector or to a range of industries concentrated at one site. This may also present a challenge to the
implementation of specific MEAs, e.g. dismantling
ships or computer waste, issues on which the Basel Convention Secretariat has recently focused.[6]
Reasons need to be identified that have prevented these “hot spots” being
addressed to date, and particular technical skills, partnerships and
financial and technological resources need to be assessed.
16. The need for effective regulatory frameworks to deal with industrial wastes is
often a critical factor, given that the costs of treating large volumes or
particularly toxic wastes create strong incentives for dumping or other forms
environmentally hazardous disposal.
Effective implies enforcement of legislation, as well as its creation,
raising governance issues. This is
particularly true in the hazardous waste sector, where enormous profits can
be made through illegal disposal. The increasing attention to recycling has
to be welcomed, but needs to be accompanied with proper action to prevent it
from becoming another opportunity for illegal trade in hazardous substances.
Experience from implementation of the Basel Convention provides strong
pointers to key challenges, and appropriate policy and enforcement responses.
IV. Major actors in waste
management
17. There is no dearth of
organizations working on waste management issues at the international,
national and local levels. UNIDO,
UNDP, UNCTAD, the World Bank, FAO, and WHO have significant waste programmes. UN Habitat has included waste management as
an issue in their sustainable cities programme.
Bilateral programmes of many development agencies
and development banks include many successful projects on this issue. UNEP
itself has many ongoing waste prevention and waste management activities.The activities span information and awareness,
strategy development, capacity building, co-ordination, and implementation.Important players within UNEP include (but
are not limited to) DTIE (on waste management in particular its IETC centre, based in Japan, on waste prevention in particular
its Sustainable Consumption and Production programme,
based in Paris), DEPI, DEWA, the Global Programme
of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based
Activities, the Regional Seas Programme, UNEP
Regional Offices (e.g. ROA and the Nairobi River Basin Project). Many
UNEP waste management activities directly or indirectly support the
objectives of MEAs and some are financed through
multilateral financial mechanisms.
18. MEAs. The four MEAs comprising the
chemicals and hazardous waste cluster (Basel Convention, Basel Protocol,
Rotterdam Convention, Stockholm Convention) all
address waste management issues. At least one other MEA cluster, atmosphere,
which includes the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols, also
addresses chemicals and waste management issues. Several regional agreements also deal with waste management.[7]
The Secretariats and (as applicable) Implementing Agencies of the respective MEAs have considerable capacity and experience in waste
management within their mandates. At least one (Basel Convention) has an
innovative voluntary waste management initiative with industry (i.e. the Cell
Phone Initiative). Demonstration projects, feasibility studies, and
information assistance on the destruction of some MEA-related wastes (e.g. persistant organic pollutants, ozone depleting
substances, and global warming gases) are underway. It should be noted that
the above-mentioned MEAs have been given different
mandates from their Parties are therefore not harmonized on their priorities,
waste definitions, waste management strategies and goals, and in some cases
may act in opposition to one another.
19. Multilateral and bilateral financial mechanisms. Financial mechanisms that
provide financial, technical and capacity-building resources for specific waste
issues include the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Multilateral
Fund of the Montreal Protocol. Under
the GEF and Multilateral Fund, UNEP is already working in partnership with
other Implementing Agencies (UNDP, UNIDO, the World Bank) on chemical and
waste management issues. A noteworthy
multi-agency initiative funded under the GEF is the Africa Stockpiles Programme whose objective is to clear all obsolete
pesticide stocks from Africa and put in place measures to prevent their recurrence.[8]
The Regional Solid Waste Management Project in Mashreq
and Maghreb Countries is a successful example of
regional action, financed by the European Commission and executed by the
World Bank. The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is another
mechanism that could support climate-related waste issues (indeed,
destruction of HFCs is already being considered).
The Multilateral Fund provides significant financial support for national
projects related to the proper management of ozone depleting chemicals
(although it has not financed destruction). Bilateral support from individual
Governments, alone or in co-operation with UNEP and/or other international organisations, also finances waste management projects.
20. International associations and multinational corporations.
Industry associations (or public/private partnerships such as
International Solid Waste Association, ISWA), companies and NGO's that
operate at the international and/or regional levels are important partners
for UNEP. International waste management companies combine business expertise
with access to private finance and new technologies, to solve waste
management problems beyond the resources of some governments. However, attracting investment from such
companies requires some guarantees that it will be secure, and/or that others
will bear part of the risks. UNEP
plays a valuable role in bringing together these private enterprises, with
public sector financial institutions and governments, to create the
conditions that make significant private investment in waste management in
developing countries an attractive proposition.
21. National and local governments, industry associations, NGO's and
companies. Household and industrial waste is largely
a local and regional concern. Accordingly, the major expertise and capacity
in waste management resides in entities operating at the national and
sub-national levels. There are many innovative and successful schemes
undertaken by Governments (e.g. Australia's "no waste"
initiative), public-private partnerships, industry, associations and NGO's
that could be replicated.
V. UNEP's
activities on waste management
22. Waste management has been among UNEP's core activities for a long time, and a number of
successful partnerships have been conducted in this area, such as the
GPA/Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, DPDL/GPA's Cities
Alliance, addressing water, sanitation and urban development, the Regional
Waste Management Strategy (RIWMS), the Solid Waste Management Cluster of CityNet (the Regional Network of Local Authorities for
the Management of Human Settlements), and others.
23. With regard to waste prevention
and promotion of lifecycle economy approach UNEP's
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) has lead partnerships with governments, the private sector,
civil society and research community on promoting sustainable consumption and
production patterns, promoting the use of renewable energy, environmentally
sound management of chemicals, protecting the ozone layer, encouraging environmentally
sound technology transfer, and integrating environmental objectives in
economic and trade policy making. Linkages with the financial sector exist
through the Finance Initiative, bringing together in a voluntary partnership
approach the world's leading banks and insurance companies. Through its
International Environment Technology Centre (IETC,
based in Japan) UNEP supports the 3R (reduce,
reuse, recycle) initiative from the Japanese government, which will be
launched in a ministerial conference, 28-30 April 2005. The initiative
promotes a shift towards a closed loop economy, and includes waste prevention
initiatives, addressing consumption and production patterns, through legal,
economic and voluntary instruments, including co-operation with developing
countries. An outreach to cities is being developed as well, including a
partnership with Kawasaki city, aiming for zero-waste
industrial development. A demonstration project on circular economy in China (Guiyang) is being conducted with support
from European Union.
24. Delivery mechanisms include regional delivery through UNEP's
regional offices (including in Africa, Europe, Latin America and Asia
Pacific) including regionalised MEA-support teams
(i.e. the Compliance Assistance Programme) and its Regional Seas Programmes.
Basel Convention Regional Centres (BCRCs) could also be vehicles for regional delivery[9]. National delivery mechanisms include UNEP's national offices (China, Brazil), GPA national programmes of action, and the UNEP/UNIDO National Cleaner Production Centres (NCPC's)[10].
Various partnerships with business associations and consumer and youth groups in different regions and countries are being used as well.[11]
25. Based upon the analysis above and
building on its existing programmes and networks, DTIE
is carrying out work on the problems and opportunities related to household
and industrial waste, with the following objectives:
reduce volumes and toxicity of, and exposure
to, household and industrial waste;
promote closed loop
economies by promoting reduce, re-use, recycle and repair activities.
26.
The
main categories of activities to
achieve these objectives are:
implementing local and sector-specific demonstration
projects, working with the best available experts and technologies (including
those based on indigenous or traditional knowledge), involving the private
sector, national and local governments
and local communities, and resulting in tangible reductions of waste,
reductions of toxicity of waste and reductions of people and environment
exposed to waste, and creation of employment, in particular in repair
services;
disseminating the
results, lessons learnt and policy recommendations to secretariats of multilateral
environmental agreements, and to governments and other stakeholders involved
in global policy decision-making processes, such as UNEP's
bi-annual Governing Councils and its programme on sustainable consumption and production[12],
resulting in a major policy review,
scheduled by the Commission on Sustainable Development meeting in
2010/2011.
27.
Suitable demonstration projects must:
apply well-established and innovative waste
prevention, recycling and disposal techniques;
find the investment and meeting additional
costs, including from the private sector, aid agencies, environmental taxes (eg replacing labour taxes);
design and implement
“packages” of integrated policy tools, including ones which help create
circular economies, and promote establishment of meaningful and safe jobs for
local communities.
28.
The
table in annex I highlights examples of potential projectsthat DTIE is seeking to carry out with good linkages and
co-operation with all relevant partners (which are tentatively listed in the
table). Projects are proposed for:
providing practical responses to "hot spots"
(household waste dumps, safe disposal, creation of jobs, specific industrial
waste streams);
demonstrating "waste to energy"
solutions for landfills and incineration;
setting up waste managementinfrastructure facilities(hard and software) in selected pilot
regions with investment, management and operational support (waste
collection, recycling, landfills, incineration systems);
testing specific waste managementtools, policy instruments and
systems (3 or 4 R initiatives, developing local markets for waste,
initiating packaging industry partnership, piloting business and government
training on waste management and prevention, exchange of good practices in legislation
and enforcement);
demonstrating closed loop economy concepts
for communities, industry sectors, industrial parks, and as support for MEA's
disseminating results
and lessons learnt to global policy-making.
Annex 1: Examples of ideas for
projects
|
Activity description
|
Waste stream
|
Location
|
Ideas for external partners to
consult/involve, including UNEP
|
|
I. Responses to "hot spots"
|
|
Close
dumps and replace by landfills, with job creation, in community-based
approach
|
household
|
10
pilot projects in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe
|
Private
sector, World Bank, ISWA, development banks, local government, local
communities, etc. DPDL, DEPI
|
|
Waste
minimization and safe disposal projects for dismantling ships, e-waste, hexavalent chromium etc. To be decided with respective MEA's
|
industrial
|
To be
decided
|
MEA's, UNCTAD, NCPC's, private
sector, national and local gvts. DRC, DEC, SBC
|
|
II. Demonstrating "waste to energy"
solutions
|
|
Landfill
methane energy use with conventional technologies
|
household
|
Countries
with low caloric and high organic content of waste, landfills in planning
or early construction phase
|
GEF,
regional development banks, ISWA, carbon financiers, national govts, local municipalities, project developers,
UNFCCC, DRC
|
|
Environmentally
safe incineration and generate energy
|
household
industrial
|
Countries
high-calorific waste content, matured waste management systems, established
landfills
|
Commercial
banks, local municipalities, UNFCCC, DRC,
Stockholm
|
|
III. Waste management infrastructure projects
|
|
Carry
out waste campaigns directed at working with governments in different
regions to implement integrated waste management strategies in regional
partnerships, including voluntary web-based information sharing and
reporting mechanisms.
|
household
|
Asia, Latin
America
and Caribbean, Africa
|
National
and local authorities, World Bank, regional development banks, ICLEI,
bilateral aid agencies, DRC
|
|
Assist
local governments using twinning approach with developed countries to set
up small-scale waste collection, recycling, disposal facilities
|
household
|
Africa as priority, Asia for recycling
|
Local
municipalities, ICLEI, German DSD, EC, packaging industry etc., DEPI, DRC
|
|
IV. Developing local markets for waste
|
|
Encourage
development of markets for recovered materials from waste stream, and
repair facilities
|
household
|
Large
municipality/mega-city
|
London
Remade, municipalities, private sector,
DRC
|
|
Increasing
collection and separation of waste by piloting urban youth/women campaigns
|
household
|
To be
decided
|
UNESCO,
UN Habitat, youth, consumer and women networks in developing countries,
ICLEI, DCPI, DPDL
|
|
Developing,
testing and implementing new financing mechanisms, such as micro credits,
revolving funds, for local initiatives in waste management
|
household
|
To be
decided, pilot countries of CP Financing project.
|
Banks,
national governments, bilateral aid agencies, UNEP FI
|
|
NCPC's waste management initiative to promote new SME
opportunities for waste, including piloting "design for
recycling" techniques, and promoting facilities for repair
|
industrial
|
To be
decided
|
NCPC's, UNIDO, Switzerland, UK, InWent,
design institutes
|
|
V. Demonstrating closed loop economy concepts and
waste prevention/recycling/reuse options
|
|
Develop
and enforce legislation for waste-related MEA provisions and protocols
|
household
industrial
|
To be
decided, eg. RegionalSeas Convention
|
Convention
secretariats, national governments, NGO's, DEC
|
|
Developing
and piloting recycling society legislation for priority waste streams/goods
(3 R projects)
|
household
industrial
|
To be
decided
|
Japanese
government,
|
|
Education,
awareness raising, guidelines, training, networking (on local levels) on integrated waste management in
selected areas, for selected target groups
|
household
industrial
|
To be
decided, eg. on city level, for marine litter,
retail trade, SIDS
|
Various,
incl. UN Habitat
|
|
Demonstrate
"waste free" (3R) UN events and facilities
|
household
|
All
major meetings organised by UNEP/UN (GC, WED)
|
UN
procurement and events managers
|
|
Pilot
task forces/projects to demonstrate the importance of life cycle assessment
for integrated waste management (design, construction, maintenance,
procurement, material flows, demolition)
|
household
industrial
|
To be
decided
|
Various
|
|
Integrated
circular economy projects for communities
|
household
industrial
|
2 in China, 2 in Brazil, 2 in S Africa (possibly one in SIDS)
|
EC, Japan, local governments, private
sector, NCPC's
|
|
Integrated
circular economy projects for industry sectors: collective waste treatment
from SME's, for instance tanneries
|
industrial
|
To be
decided
|
NCPC's, industry sector associations, UNIDO
|
|
Integrated
circular economy projects for industrial parks
|
industrial
|
To be
decided
|
Private
sector, local governments, UNIDO
|
|
Integrated
circular economy concept as support for MEA's.
Including best practices sharing on waste management between MEAs (POPs, Montreal, Kyoto).
|
industrial
|
To be
decided
|
MEA
secretariats, DEC
|
|
VI. Improving global policy-making by practical lessons
learnt
|
|
UNEP
Governing Council. Include information on waste policy options in
information document. Possibly followed up by international expert
conference
|
|
Nairobi
|
National
governments, UN DESA, UNEP OED, DRC
|
|
Sharing best practices for government officials on
how to develop, implement and enforce legislation and economic instruments
(relevant EC directives, Japanese Laws for Establishing Sound
Material-Cycle Society and others)
|
|
To be
decided, possibly through special taskforce in Marrakech process (see
below)
|
National
governments, including Japan, European Commission,
DEC, DPDL
|
|
Ten-yr. framework on SCP (Marrakech process). Include consultations on waste policy
options in agenda of existing/planned meetings on ten-yr. framework, at
regional levels and international, promote establishment of waste
management task forces and/or ten year activity plans on (solid) waste
|
|
Africa, Lat. America/Asia (2005), New York (Feb/April 2004), Costa Rica (Sept. 2005)
|
UN
DESA, UNEP NYO, lead and host
countries
|
|
